á, adv.
always, ever, forever; 881, 1478; á
syþðan, 283, 2920; in general maxims, 455, 930;
at any
time (strengthening a negation), 779. [Go. aiw-s, ON. áe, ei, ey, OFris. á, OS. OHG. eo, Ger. je; cf. ON. áevi 'life', OHG. éwa 'eternity', OS. OHG. éwíg 'eternal', L. aevum, Gr. αιων 'eternity', Skt. áyu
s 'life' (Turner-1290) > Pa. áyu-, Pk. áyu-, áu-, áus- > Hn. (poet.) áu, áv 'lifetime']
- cpd.: (ná), nó.
á-, prefix, see following verbs; often w/ orig.
meaning
forth, away, off, from, but freq. in practice
only as an intensifier; also the reduced form of on-,
on, up, against,,
&c.; or reduced form of un-, the negating prefix. cp. (stressed) or-.
[Go. us-, OHG. ir- (: ur-), Ger. er (:ur-)]
Ábel, m.,
biblical person: second son of Adam & Eve, brother of Cain; as. 108.
á-belgan, III,
cause to swell in anger, incense, anger; pret.
3 sg. ábealch, 2280.
á-beodan, II,
announce, offer;
pret. 3 sg. ábéad, 390, 668 (
offered, declared); haél(o)
~ (cp. 407),
wished good luck, saluted: 653, 2418.
á-bidan, I, w. gen.,
await, (abide);
977. [Go. beidan, ON bíða, OHG bítan]
á-brecan, IV,
break into, break; assault, destroy;
pret. 3 sg. ábræc, (Klaeber's emend. for cræft, 2221);
pp. [ábrocen,
shattered, F. 44]. [Go. brikan, Ger. brechen; Lat. frangere]
á-bredwian(**), w2.,
kill; (overthrow?); pret.
opt. (?) 3 sg. ábredwade, 2619. [cp. OHG. bretón, Hildebrantslied
l.54]
á-bregdan, III,
move rapidly
(trans.);
draw from; up ~,
raise; pret. 3 sg. ábraéd,
2575.
á-bréotan(*), II (confus. w/ redup.?),
destroy,
cut down, kill; pret. 3 sg. ábréat, 1298, ábréot,
2930; pp. ábroten, [1599], 2707. [ON. brjóta; < IE. *bhreu-]
á-búgan, II,
bend away, turn away,
deviate, start; pret. 3 sg. ábéag, 775.
ac, conj. (nearly always following a negative clause),
but; the adversative (mostly contradictory-adversative,
cp. Ger. 'sondern') function appears with varying degrees of logical strictness;
occasionally it shades off into the connective-adversative type (almost=
and,
1448); 109, 135, [159], 339, 438, 446, 565, 595, 599, 601, 683, 694, 696,
708, 740, 773, 804, 813, 863, 975, 1004, 1085, 1300, 1448, 1509, 1524, 1576,
1661, 1711, 1738, 1878, 1893, 1936, 2084, 2142, 2146, 2181, 2223, 2308, 2505,
2507, 2522, 2525, 2598, 2675, 2697, 2772, 2828, 2834, 2850, 2899, 2923, 2968,
2973, 2976, 3011, 3018, 3024; [F. 5, 22, 42]. Introd. an interrog. clause
1990; [an adhort. clause, F. 10]. [Go. ak, OHG. oh, OS. ak]
á-cennan, w1.,
beget, bear, produce, ("akenned(d)");
pp. ácenned, 1356.
á-cígan, w1.,
call forth, summon;
pret. 3 sg. ácígde, 3121.
á-cwellan, w1.,
kill, (quell);
pret. 3 sg. ácwealde, 886, 1055, 2121.
á-cweðan, V,
say, utter, ("aqueath");
pres. 3 sg. ácwyð, 2046, pret. 3 sg. ácwæð, 654.
ád, m.,
funeral pile/fire/pyre; [1107]; ds. -e, 1110, 1114; as. ád, 3138. [OHG. éit 'fire, flame', OS. éd;, Skt. i(n)dh- 'kindle' (Turner 1582), édhas 'firewood', indhan- 'lightning, kindling, fuel' > Pa. indhana-, Pk. ĩdha
na- > Hn. í~dhan]
ád-faru**, f.,
path (to) funeral pyre;
ds. ádfære, 3010.
ádl, f.,
sickness, disease, infirmity;
1736, 1763, 1848. [(?)Skt. indh- 'to burn']
á-dréogan, II,
endure, suffer,
("adree"); 3078.
á-fédan, w1.,
bring up, raise; nourish, (feed); pp. áféded, 693.
á-fyllan, w1.,
fill
(instr.,
with); pp. áfylled, 1018.
á-galan, VI,
sing, chant; pret.
3 sg. ágól, 1521.
ágan, prp.,
possess, have; 1088;
pres. 3 sg. áh, 1727; pret. 1 sg. áhte, 487, 533; 3 sg. ~,
31, 522, 2608. [
owe] -Negat. form
Náh;
pres. 1 sg., 2252. [Go. aigan, OS. égan, OFris. ága, hága, OHG. eigan, ON. eiga]
á-gangan, redup.,
come to pass, occur,
befall; pp. ágangen, 1234.
ágen, adj. (pp. of ágan),
own;
2676.
agend, m. -cons. (pres. part. of ágan),
owner;
gs. -es, 3075 (n.). -Cpds.: blaéd-, bold-, folc-, mægen-ágend(e).
á-gifan, V,
give (in
return); 355; pret. 3 sg. ágeaf, 2929.
ág-laéca, aég-laéca, *, wk.m.,
demon, fiend, monster; wretch; fierce combatant (cp. aglác,
n.,
misery, grief, sorrow, trouble, torment); aéglaéca,
159, 433, atol ~, 592, 816; áglaéca, 739, 1000 1269, atol ~,
732; gs. áhlaécan 989, áglaécean 2557; ds. áglaécan
425, áhlaécan 646, áglaécean 2520, 2534 (as.?),
2905; as. áglaécan 556, áglaécean 2534 (?); np.
áglaécan, 1511. -
warrior, hero; ns. áglaéca,
893; gs. áglaécan, 1512 (?); np. áglaécean, 2592
(referring to the two combatants: Béowulf and the dragon). (see further: Huffines, 'OE
áglaéce')
ág-laéc-wíf**, n.,
female
fiend/monster/demon; 1259.
á-gyldan, III,
pay, permit, make possible, requite,
("a-yield"); pret. 3 sg. ágeald: þá
mé saél ágeald, 'when I had an opportunity,' 1665, similarly,
2690.
áh, áhte, see
ágan.
an-hár**, adj.,
singularly hoarry, very grey; [357] (n.). (MS. un-).
á-hebban, VI,
raise, lift, draw, (heave up);
pp. áhafen, 128; áhæfen, 1108.
áh-laéca, see
ág-laéca.
á-hléapan, redup.,
leap
up; pret. 3 sg. áhléop, 1397.
á-hli(e)hhan (á-hlæhhan) *, VI,
laugh;
exult; pret. 3 sg. áhlóg, 730. [Go. hlahjan]
áhsian (áscian), w2.,
ask,
seek for; pret. 3 sg. (wéan) áhsode (tó),
1206, 3 pl. (wéan) áhsodon, 423 ('courted trouble', cf. sécean
1979 f.)
ge-áhsian, w2.,
learn by inquiry/asking,
hear; pp. geáhsod, 433.
áht, n.(f.) -i.,
aught
(nb:
not the Amer. usage, meaning 'nothing', but rather:)
anything; as. 2314. [á-wiht] see ó-wiht.
á-hyrdan, w1.,
harden;
pp. áhyrded, 1460.
á-laétan, redup.,
leave, give up;
2591, 2750; --
let, allow (w/ acc. &
inf.); pres. opt. 2 sg. álaéte, 2665.
aldor(-), see
ealdor(-).
á-lecgan, w1.,
lay,
lay down; pret. 3 sg. álegde, 834, 2194; 3 pl. álédon
34, álegdon 3141;
lay down, lay aside, give up:
pret. 3 sg. (feorh) álegde, 851, similarly, 3020. [Go. lagjan]
á-léh, see
á-léogan.
á-léogan, II,
belie,
fail to perform, leave unfulfilled (a promise); pret. 3 sg. áléh,
80.
Alf-walda**, wk. adj. & m. noun,
ruler of elves (epithet for Beowulf ?); 1314 (usu. emended to alwalda - see n.1314 (bilingual edition) & n.1314 (semi-diplomatic edition); see also Tripp, Taylor) [
alf unattested form for
ælf in OE, though it would be the expected Anglian form (see Peters, for proto-Northumbrian reconstructed
*alfi);
alf occurs in ME, e.g. La
3amon's
Brut, 19268: 'þis þe
alfe him
3eaf' (Cott. Otho C.xiii)].
á-licgan, V,
fall, fail, cease;
álicgean, 2886; pret. 3 sg. álæg, 1528.
á-limpan*, III,
befall, come (to pass);
pret. 3 sg. álamp, 622; pp., álumpen, 733.
al-walda*, wk. adj. & m. noun,
omnipotent
(one), god; fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 955; ds. alwealdan, 928. [w(e)aldan]
á-lýfan, w1.,
allow, grant, entrust;
pret. 1 sg. álýfde, 655; pp. álýfed, 3089. [see
léafnes-word. Ger. erlauben]
á-lýsan, w1.,
loosen,
take off; pp. álýsed, 1630. [léas; Go. lausjan, Ger. erlösen]
an, prep., see
on.
an-, prefix, see
on-.
an, verb, see
unnan.
án, num. adj. and subst.
(1)
one; (w/ partit. gen.: 1037, 1294,
2237, 2599; 1458; w/ def. art.: 1053, 2237, 2453);-nsm. án, 2237,
2453, ~ æfter eallum, 2268, ~ æfter ánum, 2461;
gsm. ánes, 699, 2541, 3077; gsf. ánre, 428; gsn. in: ánes
hwæt (
one part/piece only,), 3010; dsm. ánum
705, 1040, 2461, 2599; asm. aénne 1053, 1579, ánne 1292, 2399,
2964; asf. áne, 135, 1762; plur.
individuals, gpm.
in: ánra gehwylces (
of each one), 732, ánra
gehwylcum, 784;-(
unique),
peerless;
þæt wæs án cyning, 1885, similarly, (nsn.) 1458.--
(2)
a certain (one); nsm. án: oð ðæt
án ongan..., 100, 2210; 2280; asm. ánne, 2410, 2774.--
(3)
only, alone; str.
decl.: gsm. ánes, 2533; dsm. ánum, 1377; asm. aénne,
46; dpm. in: féaum ánum (
few only), 1081;
wk. decl. (
alone): nsm. ána, 145, 425, 431, 888,
999, 1714, 2498, 2643, 2657, 2876. [Go. ains, ON. ein-n, OFris. án, én, OS. én, OHG. ein, Ger. ein; L. únu-s, Gr. οινη, OIr. óin, Skt. éna- 'he, it'] --Cpd.: nán.
ancor, m.,
anchor;
ds. ancre, 303, 1883. [Fr. Lat. ancora]
ancor-bend**, f. -jó. (m -i.),
anchor-rope;
dp. oncerbendum, [1918].
and-, ond-, stressed prefix, usually indicating
opposition,
negation; cp. unstressed on-; spelt: and-, 340, 689, 1059, 1287,
1796, 2695, (hand-, 1541), ond-, 2938 (hond-, 2094, 2929, 2972), otherwise
abbreviated:
7. [Gr. αντι, Go. anda-
(: and-), Ger. ant- (: ent-)]
anda, wk.m.,
anger, indignation; ds.
andan, 708;--
vexation, horror; as. (ds.?) ~, 2314. [OS.
ando; cp. Ger. ahnden, Go. usanan 'breathe out']
and-git, n.,
understanding, discernment; sense,
meaning; 1059. [cp. on-gitan]
and-léan, ond-léan, *, n.,
reward,
requital; sense lying behind handléan, 1541 (??) ; hondléan,
2094 (??).
and-long, adj.*,
extending away in the opposition
direction; standing upright; asm. -ne, 2695;--
continuous,
entire; asm.: andlangne dæg, 2115; asf.: ondlonge niht, 2938.
[cp. prep. andlang,
along; Ger. entlang]
an-drysno(*), wk.f. (pl.),
propriety, courtesy,
etiquette, respect, reverence; fear; dp. -um, 1796. [ge-rísan; cp.
gerysne 2653]
and-saca(*), wk.m.,
enemy, adversary;
1682; as. 786. [cp. on-sacan, ge-saca]
and-swarian (w/ chief stress on prefix), w2.,
answer;
pret. 3 sg. -swarode, 258, 340. [and-swaru]
and-swaru, f.,
answer;
2860; gs. andsware, 1493; as. ~, 354, 1840. [cp. swerian]
and-weard, adj.,
opposite, standing over against;
asn. 1287. [weorþan; cp. Lat. vertere]
and-wlita, wk.m.,
face; ds. -wlitan,
689. [wlítan; Go. andawleizn, cp. Ger Antlitz]
án-feald, adj.,
simple, plain, unmixed,
modest, (one-fold); asm. -ne, 256. [Go. ainfalþs]
ánga, wk.adj.,
sole, only;
dsm. ángan (bréþer), 1262; asm. ~ (eaferan), 1547; asf.
~ (dohtor), 375, 2997. [án; Go. ainaha, OS. énag]
an-gaet, see
on-gitan.
án-genga(**)+, wk.m.,
solitary one, one
who goes alone; 449, ángengea, 165.
an-gyldan, III, w/ gen.,
pay (a penalty) for;
pret. 2 sg. angeald, 1251. [OS. an(t)-geldan, OHG. in(t)-geltan] see on-,
prefix.
án-haga(*), wk.m.,
solitary one, recluse;
2368.
an-hár**, un-hár adj.,
very hoary;
unhar, 357 (n.).
an-hýdig*, adj.,
resolute, strong-minded,
stubborn, constant, ('single-minded'); 2667.
á-nyman (-niman) (**)+, IV,
take away; [F. 21].
án-pæð*, m., narrow path,
one-by-one path,
lonely way; ap. ánpaðas, 1410 [OE. pæð < W.Gmc. *patha-, cognates in N.Gmc. & Finnish; likely a loanword < Iranian *paθ- 'path' (Gmc. has very few native words with initial p-, , cf. ety. notes under entry OE. here-pád), see further Bailey & Ross].
an-raéd (án-?), adj.,
resolute,
perservering, constant; of one mind; unanimous; 1529, 1575.
an-sund, adj.,
sound, uninjured;
1000 see ge-sund.
an-sýn, f. -i.,
appearance, form, sight;
countenance, face; figure, presence; aspect; 251, onsýn
2772; gs. ansýne, 928; as. ansýn, 2834. [Go. ana-siuns; cp. OE.
séon, vb.]
án-tíd**, f. -i.,
fixed/appropriate
time (?), time when something is due (?); similar/corresponding time (?);
first hour (??); as., 219.
ánunga, adv.,
entirely, by all means,
certainly; altogether; at once;634. [án]
an-walda, wk.m.,
ruler, sovereign, god;
ds. -waldan, 1272. see al-walda.
ár*, m.,
messenger, herald;
336, 2783. [Go. airus]
ár, f.,
honour, worth; glory, dignity;
grace, prosperity; kindness, benefit, help; ds. (mid) áre,
2378; as. ~, 1272; gp. árna, 1188; dp. árum (healdan), 296,
1182, similarly, 1099;
property, estate: as. áre,
2606. [Ger. Ehre, OS. éra, O.Frs. ére, OHG. éra, MHG. ére, Dut. eer, ON. æra, Dan. äre, Sw. ära < Gmc. *armaz 'to fit together'; cf. Gr. 'αρμος 'harmony', αριστος 'best', L. artus 'joint', Skt. árya- 'compatriot, noble', Per. áriya- 'compatriot' < IE. *h
1ar- 'to fit together' (Watkins 5:ar-/Pokorny 1. ar- 55 & Watkins 5:aryo-/Pokorny ar
io- 67); cf. Skt. í
layati 'he praises'] -Cpd.: worold-.
á-raéran, w1.,
raise up, (rear up), establish,
exalt; pret. 3 pl. áraérdon, 2983; pp. áraéred,
1702. [rísan;
rear]
ár-fæst, adj.,
honourable, virtuous;
merciful; kind; honest; 1168. [ár, f.]
árian, w2., w/ dat.,
show mercy, spare;
honour, respect; pres. 3 sg. árað, 598. [ár,
f.]
á-rísan, I,
rise, arise
(lit. & fig.); [pres. 3 pl. árísað, F. 8]; imp. sg.
árís, 1390; pret. 3 sg. árás, 399, 2403, 2538,
[F. 13]; we(o)rod eall árás, 651, 3030, similarly, 1790.
Ár-Scyldingas, see
Scyldingas.
ár-stafas*, m.p.,
support, assistance,
kindness, grace, favour; dp. (mid) árstafum 317, (for) ~,
382, 458 (
help?). see fácenstafas.
á-secgan, w3.,
tell, declare, speak out;
344.
á-settan, w1.,
set,
place, appoint, establish; pret. 3 pl. ásetton, 47; pp.
áseted, 667.
á-singan, III,
sing
(to an end); pp. ásungen, 1159.
á-standan, VI,
stand up,
get up; pret. 1 sg. ástód, 2092; 3 sg. ~, 759, 1556.
á-stígan, I,
ascend, arise
(lit. & fig.); pres. 3 sg. -eð, 1373; pret. 3 sg. ástág
782, ástáh 1118 (n.), 1160, 3144.
á-swebban(*), w1.,
(put to sleep [lit.]
),
kill; pp. npm. áswefede, 567. [swefan]
atelíc (=atol-líc) (**)+, adj.,
horrible,
dreadful; 784.
á-téon, II,
draw; síð
átéon,
take a journey; pret. 3 sg. (síð)
átéah, 766 (n.).
áter-tán**, m.,
('poison twig'
[lit.]
), poison stripe (ref. to damascening/pattern-welding?);
dp. átertánum, 1459 (n.).
atol, adj.,
horrid, dire, terrible;
165, 592, 732, 816, 848 (nsn.), 1332, 1766 (nsf.), 2670; eatol, 2074; asm.
eatolne, 2478; asf. atole, 596; dpm.wk.(?) atolan, 1502. [cp. ON. atall, Lat. ódi]
attor (átor), n.,
(animal) poison, venom;
2715; (gs. attres, may be behind: hattres, 2523,). ["
atter";
Ger. Eiter, ODut./Dut. etter, MHG. eiter, OHG. eitar, Dan. edder, Sw. etter, ON./Nor. eitr; cf. MHG. eiten 'to burn', Skt. i-n-dh- 'to burn']
attor-sceaða*, wk.m.,
poisonous enemy/criminal;
gs. sceaðan, 2839.
áð, m.,
oath;;
1107; gp. -a, 2739; ap. -as, 472. [OS. éð, OFrs. eth, ed, Dut. eed, Ger. Eid, MHG. eit, OHG. eid, Go. aiþs, Dan. eed, Sw. ed, ON. eiðr; Ir. óeth]
á-ðencan, w1.,
think,
intend; pret. 3 sg. áðóhte, 2643.
áð-sweorð(**)(+), n.,
sworn
oath, solemn oath; 2064. [*swyrð formed from its pp.
root: unnecessarily emended to áð-sweor<d> by Thorkelin
and sub. eds. (see Wrenn, 233); cp. áð-swaru; OHG. eidswurt, -swart]
áþum-swéoras**, m.p. [dvandva-compound], son-in-law and father-in-law; dp. áþumswéoran, 84 (n.). [cp. Ger. Eidam (perhaps rel. to áþ, Ger. Eid); OE. swéor, Go. swaíhra, OHG. swehur, Lat. socer, Arm. skesur, W. chwegr, Gr. 'εκυρος, OCS. svekru, Skt. çvaçura (> H. sasur), Av. xvasura (< IE. *swek`uros 'husband's father')]
áwa(*), adv., always; áwa
tó aldre, for ever and ever, 955. [see á; OS. éo, OHG. éo, io, Go. aiw; cf. L. ævum 'an age', Gr. αιηí 'always']
á-wrecan, V, recite, tell, declare, speak
out; pret.: (gid) áwræc, 1 sg. 1724, 3 sg. 2108.
á-wyrdan, w1., injure, destroy;
pp. áwyrded, 1113. [weorþan; Go. fra-wardjan, OS. á-werdian]