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Beowulf on Steorarume

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á, adv. always, ever, forever; 881, 1478; á syþðan, 283, 2920; in general maxims, 455, 930; at any time (strengthening a negation), 779. [Go. aiw-s, ON. áe, ei, ey, OFris. á, OS. OHG. eo, Ger. je; cf. ON. áevi 'life', OHG. éwa 'eternity', OS. OHG. éwíg 'eternal', L. aevum, Gr. αιων 'eternity', Skt. áyus 'life' (Turner-1290) > Pa. áyu-, Pk. áyu-, áu-, áus- > Hn. (poet.) áu, áv 'lifetime'] - cpd.: (ná), nó.

á-, prefix, see following verbs; often w/ orig. meaning forth, away, off, from, but freq. in practice only as an intensifier; also the reduced form of on-, on, up, against,, &c.; or reduced form of un-, the negating prefix. cp. (stressed) or-. [Go. us-, OHG. ir- (: ur-), Ger. er (:ur-)]

Ábel, m., biblical person: second son of Adam & Eve, brother of Cain; as. 108.

á-belgan, III, cause to swell in anger, incense, anger; pret. 3 sg. ábealch, 2280.

á-beodan, II, announce, offer; pret. 3 sg. ábéad, 390, 668 (offered, declared); haél(o) ~ (cp. 407), wished good luck, saluted: 653, 2418.

á-bidan, I, w. gen., await, (abide); 977. [Go. beidan, ON bíða, OHG bítan]

á-brecan, IV, break into, break; assault, destroy;  pret. 3 sg. ábræc, (Klaeber's emend. for cræft, 2221); pp. [ábrocen, shattered, F. 44]. [Go. brikan, Ger. brechen; Lat. frangere]

á-bredwian(**), w2., kill; (overthrow?); pret. opt. (?) 3 sg. ábredwade, 2619. [cp. OHG. bretón, Hildebrantslied l.54]

á-bregdan, III, move rapidly (trans.); draw from; up ~, raise; pret. 3 sg. ábraéd, 2575.

á-bréotan(*), II (confus. w/ redup.?), destroy, cut down, kill; pret. 3 sg. ábréat, 1298, ábréot, 2930; pp. ábroten, [1599], 2707. [ON. brjóta; < IE. *bhreu-]

á-búgan, II, bend away, turn away, deviate, start; pret. 3 sg. ábéag, 775.

ac, conj. (nearly always following a negative clause), but; the adversative (mostly contradictory-adversative, cp. Ger. 'sondern') function appears with varying degrees of logical strictness; occasionally it shades off into the connective-adversative type (almost=and, 1448); 109, 135, [159], 339, 438, 446, 565, 595, 599, 601, 683, 694, 696, 708, 740, 773, 804, 813, 863, 975, 1004, 1085, 1300, 1448, 1509, 1524, 1576, 1661, 1711, 1738, 1878, 1893, 1936, 2084, 2142, 2146, 2181, 2223, 2308, 2505, 2507, 2522, 2525, 2598, 2675, 2697, 2772, 2828, 2834, 2850, 2899, 2923, 2968, 2973, 2976, 3011, 3018, 3024; [F. 5, 22, 42]. Introd. an interrog. clause 1990; [an adhort. clause, F. 10]. [Go. ak, OHG. oh, OS. ak]

á-cennan, w1., beget, bear, produce, ("akenned(d)"); pp. ácenned, 1356.

á-cígan, w1., call forth, summon; pret. 3 sg. ácígde, 3121.

á-cwellan, w1., kill, (quell); pret. 3 sg. ácwealde, 886, 1055, 2121.

á-cweðan, V, say, utter, ("aqueath"); pres. 3 sg. ácwyð, 2046, pret. 3 sg. ácwæð, 654.

ád, m., funeral pile/fire/pyre; [1107]; ds. -e, 1110, 1114; as. ád, 3138. [OHG. éit 'fire, flame', OS. éd;, Skt. i(n)dh- 'kindle' (Turner 1582), édhas 'firewood', indhan- 'lightning, kindling, fuel' > Pa. indhana-, Pk. ĩdhana- > Hn. í~dhan]

ád-faru**, f., path (to) funeral pyre; ds. ádfære, 3010.

ádl, f., sickness, disease, infirmity; 1736, 1763, 1848. [(?)Skt. indh- 'to burn']

á-dréogan, II, endure, suffer, ("adree"); 3078.

á-fédan, w1., bring up, raise; nourish, (feed); pp. áféded, 693.

á-fyllan, w1., fill (instr., with); pp. áfylled, 1018.

á-galan, VI, sing, chant; pret. 3 sg. ágól, 1521.

ágan, prp., possess, have; 1088; pres. 3 sg. áh, 1727; pret. 1 sg. áhte, 487, 533; 3 sg. ~, 31, 522, 2608. [owe] -Negat. form Náh; pres. 1 sg., 2252. [Go. aigan, OS. égan, OFris. ága, hága, OHG. eigan, ON. eiga]

á-gangan, redup., come to pass, occur, befall; pp. ágangen, 1234.

ágen, adj. (pp. of ágan), own; 2676.

agend, m. -cons. (pres. part. of ágan), owner; gs. -es, 3075 (n.). -Cpds.: blaéd-, bold-, folc-, mægen-ágend(e).

á-gifan, V, give (in return); 355; pret. 3 sg. ágeaf, 2929.

ág-laéca, aég-laéca, *, wk.m., demon, fiend, monster; wretch; fierce combatant (cp. aglác, n., misery, grief, sorrow, trouble, torment); aéglaéca, 159, 433, atol ~, 592, 816; áglaéca, 739, 1000 1269, atol ~, 732; gs. áhlaécan 989, áglaécean 2557; ds. áglaécan 425, áhlaécan 646, áglaécean 2520, 2534 (as.?), 2905; as. áglaécan 556, áglaécean 2534 (?); np. áglaécan, 1511. -warrior, hero; ns. áglaéca, 893; gs. áglaécan, 1512 (?); np. áglaécean, 2592 (referring to the two combatants: Béowulf and the dragon). (see further: Huffines, 'OE áglaéce')

ág-laéc-wíf**, n., female fiend/monster/demon; 1259.

á-gyldan, III, pay, permit, make possible, requite, ("a-yield"); pret. 3 sg. ágeald: þá mé saél ágeald, 'when I had an opportunity,' 1665, similarly, 2690.

áh, áhte, see ágan.

an-hár**, adj., singularly hoarry, very grey; [357] (n.). (MS. un-).

á-hebban, VI, raise, lift, draw, (heave up); pp. áhafen, 128; áhæfen, 1108.

áh-laéca, see ág-laéca.

á-hléapan, redup., leap up; pret. 3 sg. áhléop, 1397.

á-hli(e)hhan (á-hlæhhan) *, VI, laugh; exult; pret. 3 sg. áhlóg, 730. [Go. hlahjan]

áhsian (áscian), w2., ask, seek for; pret. 3 sg. (wéan) áhsode (tó), 1206, 3 pl. (wéan) áhsodon, 423 ('courted trouble', cf. sécean 1979 f.)

ge-áhsian, w2., learn by inquiry/asking, hear; pp. geáhsod, 433.

áht, n.(f.) -i., aught (nb: not the Amer. usage, meaning 'nothing', but rather:) anything; as. 2314. [á-wiht] see ó-wiht.

á-hyrdan, w1., harden; pp. áhyrded, 1460.

á-laétan, redup., leave, give up; 2591, 2750; --let, allow (w/ acc. & inf.); pres. opt. 2 sg. álaéte, 2665.

aldor(-), see ealdor(-).

á-lecgan, w1., lay, lay down; pret. 3 sg. álegde, 834, 2194; 3 pl. álédon 34, álegdon 3141; lay down, lay aside, give up: pret. 3 sg. (feorh) álegde, 851, similarly, 3020. [Go. lagjan]

á-léh, see á-léogan.

á-léogan, II, belie, fail to perform, leave unfulfilled (a promise); pret. 3 sg. áléh, 80.

Alf-walda**, wk. adj. & m. noun, ruler of elves (epithet for Beowulf ?); 1314 (usu. emended to alwalda - see n.1314 (bilingual edition) & n.1314 (semi-diplomatic edition); see also Tripp, Taylor) [alf unattested form for ælf in OE, though it would be the expected Anglian form (see Peters, for proto-Northumbrian reconstructed *alfi); alf occurs in ME, e.g. La3amon's Brut, 19268: 'þis þe alfe him 3eaf' (Cott. Otho C.xiii)].

á-licgan, V, fall, fail, cease; álicgean, 2886; pret. 3 sg. álæg, 1528.

á-limpan*, III, befall, come (to pass); pret. 3 sg. álamp, 622; pp., álumpen, 733.

al-walda*, wk. adj. & m. noun, omnipotent (one), god; fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 955; ds. alwealdan, 928. [w(e)aldan]

á-lýfan, w1., allow, grant, entrust; pret. 1 sg. álýfde, 655; pp. álýfed, 3089. [see léafnes-word. Ger. erlauben]

á-lýsan, w1., loosen, take off; pp. álýsed, 1630. [léas; Go. lausjan, Ger. erlösen]

an, prep., see on.

an-, prefix, see on-.

an, verb, see unnan.

án, num. adj. and subst. (1) one; (w/ partit. gen.: 1037, 1294, 2237, 2599; 1458; w/ def. art.: 1053, 2237, 2453);-nsm. án, 2237, 2453, ~ æfter eallum,  2268, ~ æfter ánum, 2461; gsm. ánes, 699, 2541, 3077; gsf. ánre, 428; gsn. in: ánes hwæt (one part/piece only,), 3010; dsm. ánum 705, 1040, 2461, 2599; asm. aénne 1053, 1579, ánne 1292, 2399, 2964; asf. áne, 135, 1762; plur. individuals, gpm. in: ánra gehwylces (of each one), 732, ánra gehwylcum, 784;-(unique), peerless; þæt wæs án cyning, 1885, similarly, (nsn.) 1458.--(2) a certain (one); nsm. án: oð ðæt án ongan..., 100, 2210; 2280; asm. ánne, 2410, 2774.--(3) only, alone; str. decl.: gsm. ánes, 2533; dsm. ánum, 1377; asm. aénne, 46; dpm. in: féaum ánum (few only), 1081; wk. decl. (alone): nsm. ána, 145, 425, 431, 888, 999, 1714, 2498, 2643, 2657, 2876. [Go. ains, ON. ein-n, OFris. án, én, OS. én, OHG. ein, Ger. ein; L. únu-s, Gr. οινη, OIr. óin, Skt. éna- 'he, it'] --Cpd.: nán.

ancor, m., anchor; ds. ancre, 303, 1883. [Fr. Lat. ancora]

ancor-bend**, f. -jó. (m -i.), anchor-rope; dp. oncerbendum, [1918].

and-, ond-, stressed prefix, usually indicating opposition, negation; cp. unstressed on-; spelt: and-, 340, 689, 1059, 1287, 1796, 2695, (hand-, 1541), ond-, 2938 (hond-, 2094, 2929, 2972), otherwise abbreviated: 7. [Gr. αντι, Go. anda- (: and-), Ger. ant- (: ent-)]

anda, wk.m., anger, indignation; ds. andan, 708;--vexation, horror; as. (ds.?) ~, 2314. [OS. ando; cp. Ger. ahnden, Go. usanan 'breathe out']

and-git, n., understanding, discernment; sense, meaning; 1059. [cp. on-gitan]

and-léan, ond-léan, *, n., reward, requital; sense lying behind handléan, 1541 (??) ; hondléan, 2094 (??).

and-long, adj.*, extending away in the opposition direction; standing upright; asm. -ne, 2695;--continuous, entire; asm.: andlangne dæg, 2115; asf.: ondlonge niht, 2938. [cp. prep. andlang, along; Ger. entlang]

an-drysno(*), wk.f. (pl.), propriety, courtesy, etiquette, respect, reverence; fear; dp. -um, 1796. [ge-rísan; cp. gerysne 2653]

and-saca(*), wk.m., enemy, adversary; 1682; as. 786. [cp. on-sacan, ge-saca]

and-swarian (w/ chief stress on prefix), w2., answer; pret. 3 sg. -swarode, 258, 340. [and-swaru]

and-swaru, f., answer; 2860; gs. andsware, 1493; as. ~, 354, 1840. [cp. swerian]

and-weard, adj., opposite, standing over against; asn. 1287. [weorþan; cp. Lat. vertere]

and-wlita, wk.m., face; ds. -wlitan, 689. [wlítan; Go. andawleizn, cp. Ger Antlitz]

án-feald, adj., simple, plain, unmixed, modest, (one-fold); asm. -ne, 256. [Go. ainfalþs]

ánga, wk.adj., sole, only; dsm. ángan (bréþer), 1262; asm. ~ (eaferan), 1547; asf. ~ (dohtor), 375, 2997. [án; Go. ainaha, OS. énag]

an-gaet, see on-gitan.

án-genga(**)+, wk.m., solitary one, one who goes alone; 449, ángengea, 165.

an-gyldan, III, w/ gen., pay (a penalty) for; pret. 2 sg. angeald, 1251. [OS. an(t)-geldan, OHG. in(t)-geltan] see on-, prefix.

án-haga(*), wk.m., solitary one, recluse; 2368.

an-hár**, un-hár adj., very hoary; unhar, 357 (n.).

an-hýdig*, adj., resolute, strong-minded, stubborn, constant, ('single-minded'); 2667.

á-nyman (-niman) (**)+, IV, take away; [F. 21].

án-pæð*, m., narrow path, one-by-one path, lonely way; ap. ánpaðas, 1410 [OE. pæð < W.Gmc. *patha-, cognates in N.Gmc. & Finnish; likely a loanword < Iranian *paθ- 'path' (Gmc. has very few native words with initial p-, , cf. ety. notes under entry OE. here-pád), see further Bailey & Ross].

an-raéd (án-?), adj., resolute, perservering, constant; of one mind; unanimous; 1529, 1575.

an-sund, adj., sound, uninjured; 1000 see ge-sund.

an-sýn, f. -i., appearance, form, sight; countenance, face; figure, presence; aspect; 251, onsýn 2772; gs. ansýne, 928; as. ansýn, 2834. [Go. ana-siuns; cp. OE. séon, vb.]

án-tíd**, f. -i., fixed/appropriate time (?), time when something is due (?); similar/corresponding time (?); first hour (??); as., 219.

ánunga, adv., entirely, by all means, certainly; altogether; at once;634. [án]

an-walda, wk.m., ruler, sovereign, god; ds. -waldan, 1272. see al-walda.

ár*, m., messenger, herald; 336, 2783. [Go. airus]

ár, f., honour, worth; glory, dignity; grace, prosperity; kindness, benefit, help; ds. (mid) áre, 2378; as. ~, 1272; gp. árna, 1188; dp. árum (healdan), 296, 1182, similarly, 1099; property, estate: as. áre, 2606. [Ger. Ehre, OS. éra, O.Frs. ére, OHG. éra, MHG. ére, Dut. eer, ON. æra, Dan. äre, Sw. ära < Gmc. *armaz 'to fit together'; cf. Gr. 'αρμος 'harmony', αριστος 'best', L. artus 'joint', Skt. árya- 'compatriot, noble', Per. áriya- 'compatriot' < IE. *h1ar- 'to fit together' (Watkins 5:ar-/Pokorny 1. ar- 55 & Watkins 5:aryo-/Pokorny ario- 67); cf. Skt. ílayati 'he praises'] -Cpd.: worold-.

á-raéran, w1., raise up, (rear up), establish, exalt; pret. 3 pl. áraérdon, 2983; pp. áraéred, 1702. [rísan; rear]

ár-fæst, adj., honourable, virtuous; merciful; kind; honest; 1168. [ár, f.]

árian, w2., w/ dat., show mercy, spare; honour, respect; pres. 3 sg. árað, 598. [ár, f.]

á-rísan, I, rise, arise (lit. & fig.); [pres. 3 pl. árísað, F. 8]; imp. sg. árís, 1390; pret. 3 sg. árás, 399, 2403, 2538, [F. 13]; we(o)rod eall árás, 651, 3030, similarly, 1790.

Ár-Scyldingas, see Scyldingas.

ár-stafas*, m.p., support, assistance, kindness, grace, favour; dp. (mid) árstafum 317, (for) ~, 382, 458 (help?). see fácenstafas.

á-secgan, w3., tell, declare, speak out; 344.

á-settan, w1., set, place, appoint, establish; pret. 3 pl. ásetton, 47; pp. áseted, 667.

á-singan, III, sing (to an end); pp. ásungen, 1159.

á-standan, VI, stand up, get up; pret. 1 sg. ástód, 2092; 3 sg. ~, 759, 1556.

á-stígan, I, ascend, arise (lit. & fig.); pres. 3 sg. -eð, 1373; pret. 3 sg. ástág 782, ástáh 1118 (n.), 1160, 3144.

á-swebban(*), w1., (put to sleep [lit.]), kill; pp. npm. áswefede, 567. [swefan]

atelíc (=atol-líc) (**)+, adj., horrible, dreadful; 784.

á-téon, II, draw; síð átéon, take a journey; pret. 3 sg. (síð) átéah, 766 (n.).

áter-tán**, m., ('poison twig' [lit.]), poison stripe (ref. to damascening/pattern-welding?); dp. átertánum, 1459 (n.).

atol, adj., horrid, dire, terrible; 165, 592, 732, 816, 848 (nsn.), 1332, 1766 (nsf.), 2670; eatol, 2074; asm. eatolne, 2478; asf. atole, 596; dpm.wk.(?) atolan, 1502. [cp. ON. atall, Lat. ódi]

attor (átor), n., (animal) poison, venom; 2715; (gs. attres, may be behind: hattres, 2523,). ["atter"; Ger. Eiter, ODut./Dut. etter, MHG. eiter, OHG. eitar, Dan. edder, Sw. etter, ON./Nor. eitr; cf. MHG. eiten 'to burn', Skt. i-n-dh- 'to burn']

attor-sceaða*, wk.m., poisonous enemy/criminal; gs. sceaðan, 2839.

áð, m., oath;; 1107; gp. -a, 2739; ap. -as, 472. [OS. éð, OFrs. eth, ed, Dut. eed, Ger. Eid, MHG. eit, OHG. eid, Go. aiþs, Dan. eed, Sw. ed, ON. eiðr; Ir. óeth]

á-ðencan, w1., think, intend; pret. 3 sg. áðóhte, 2643.

áð-sweorð(**)(+), n., sworn oath, solemn oath; 2064. [*swyrð formed from its pp. root: unnecessarily emended to áð-sweor<d> by Thorkelin and sub. eds. (see Wrenn, 233); cp. áð-swaru; OHG. eidswurt, -swart]

áþum-swéoras**, m.p. [dvandva-compound], son-in-law and father-in-law; dp. áþumswéoran, 84 (n.). [cp. Ger. Eidam (perhaps rel. to áþ, Ger. Eid); OE. swéor, Go. swaíhra, OHG. swehur, Lat. socer, Arm. skesur, W. chwegr, Gr. 'εκυρος, OCS. svekru, Skt. çvaçura (> H. sasur), Av. xvasura (< IE. *swek`uros 'husband's father')]

áwa(*), adv., always; áwa tó aldre, for ever and ever, 955. [see á; OS. éo, OHG. éo, io, Go. aiw; cf. L. ævum 'an age', Gr. αιηí 'always']

á-wrecan, V, recite, tell, declare, speak out; pret.: (gid) áwræc, 1 sg. 1724, 3 sg. 2108.

á-wyrdan, w1., injure, destroy; pp. áwyrded, 1113. [weorþan; Go. fra-wardjan, OS. á-werdian]